David Hume

Hume was born in Edinburgh i 1711, is counted to be the most prominent amongst the empiristk philosophers. According to him, the philosophy in his time was dominated by meaningless speculations, and it had little to do with the regular man and woman. The philosphy had therefore to be purged from the unsond ideas and illusions and Hume decided to take this job.

METHAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY
Hume thought the methaphysical questions to be meaningless.Hume worked primarly in epistemology but could not avoid hold certain methaphysical views. Humes starting point is an analysis of the conent of the consience. He claimed that the consience contains impressions and ideas. And impression is the direct sensual experience of something, for example the experience of heat, the sight of a tree or the smell of a rose. These impressions can be saved and recalled later, but then as ideas.
With starting point in this, Hume defined his method for correct thinking: if one has an idea about something, he should always ask himself what impression causes it.This means reducing all ideas into impressions. Can it not be reduced such, it has to be disclaimed.
Most people will say that a human is the same from brith to death. Hume disagrees.
For example a person, Socarates, is nothing but the sum of the impressions which the ones around him understands/captures him to be. A personal identity does not exists. In a much alike way Hume analyses the law of causality, and calims that there are no laws whatsoever in reality. What we think are laws of causality,are not laws at all, but only our expectations to things. They are not an objective knowledge, but subjective impressions. Knoledge about anything is therefore not possible. And induction aswel is not possible.
He divides utterings into two groups, some are neccesary (which are like words), and others are conditioned (which are like facts).
Hume claims that uttering that neccesarly are true cannot say something about reality, and that conditioned utterings are not neccesarly true in the next moment.

ETHICS
Ethic is about setting norm for correct action. Humes method for correct thinking goes as we have seen about looking for the source of our impression. And what impression is the source for "should" (Is/Should problem)? Hume did not find such an impression. Therefore he claimed that normative utterings are meaningsless and impossible.
Som vi har omtalt tidligere handler etikk om å sette normer for korrekt handling, dvs. gi regler for hvordan man bør oppføre seg. Humes metode for korrekt tenkning går som vi har sett ut på at man alltid må finne det inntrykk som gir opphav til forestillingen. Men hvilket inntrykk ligger til grunn for forestillingen «bør»? Hume kunne ikke finne noe slikt inntrykk. Derfor hevdet han at normative utsagn er meningsløse, og at det ikke er mulig å sette etiske normer. He meant however that descriptive ethic is possible. Hume meant in addition that everyone has an automatic compassion for other humans, a fellow feeling. This characteristic is innate, some kind of instinct, and it is the basis for all moral.
This fellow feeling consists in a fundamental feeling of symphati for other humans. Humes definition of good action is: An actions is good if we can rejyoice about the outcome, even if the action does not consern ourselves.
In contradiction to earlier philosopher, Hums used the word feeling, where the earlier one emphasized the logic and reason. According to Hume one can through thinking rationally come to how one best can come to a goal, but one cannot find out what would be an ethical correct goal. These goals one can find only through feelings and faith.

POLITICS
A putting in order of a society requires some ethical principals. What principals? According to Hume there are no objective norm for right and wrong, except our subjective fellow feeling. And the only reasonable way to organize a society in is to have a system where everyone can express their understanding and be part of the rulership, where the plurality outrules.

Philosphy

There seems to be 5 different main divitions of philosophy. And there are futher divisions, but i wont mention them. Read wikipedia about philosophy branches here for further information about these branches.

• Metaphysics: In Western philosophy this field has become the study of the fundamental nature of all reality - what is it, why is it, and how are we to understand it. Some only regard metaphysics as the study of "higher" reality or the "invisible" nature behind everything, but that isn't actually true. It is, instead, the study of all of reality, visible and invisible. Metaphysics covers the kinds of things most people probably think of if asked what philosophy covers e.g. those 'big questions', such as, is there God, why are we here, what is the ultimate nature of the universe, and so on. Another important area of metaphysics is the nature of substance, that is, what is the universe really made of. Metaphysics has often come under attack for being too abstract to actually have any worth, particularly famously by A.J. Ayer. Classic works include Aristotle's Metaphysics, Spinoza's Ethics (which unsurprisingly also is a classic work on Ethics), and almost anything written by Leibniz.
• Epistemology: The philosophy of knowledge. Concerned with such questions as, is knowledge of anything really possible, is our knowledge certain, how do we get our knowledge, what things can we have knowledge about, what exactly is knowledge, etc. Epistemological studies usually focus upon our means for acquiring knowledge; thus modern epistemology generally involves a debate between rationalism and empiricism, or the question of whether knowledge can be acquired a priori or a posteriori. Classic works include Descartes' Meditations, Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Hume's Treatise on Human Nature, and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Almost all the major philosophers have written on this subject, though it is less popular nowadays.
• Ethics: This is probably the most self-explanatory of all the branches. Concerned with such things as what is good/evil, is there such a thing as objective morals or are they created by us, or some other being, how we should live our lives, and so on. Classic works include Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics, Kant's Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil.
• Politics: Closely related to ethics, this is a study of government and nations, particularly how they came about, what makes good governments, what obligations citizens have towards their government, and so on. Classic works include Plato's Republic, Hobbes' Leviathan, Locke's Two Treatises, and J.S. Mill's On Liberty.
• Aesthetics: The philosophy of art. Concerned with questions like why do we find certain things beautiful, what makes things great art, so on. The word comes from the Greek aisthetikos, "of sense perception." Aesthetics has traditionally been part of other philosophical fields like epistemology or ethics but it started to come into its own and become a more independent field under Immanuel Kant. Classic works include Aristotle's Rhetoric and Poetics, Schopenhauer and Hegel's lectures, Kant's Critique of Judgement. Plato had a famously dim view of this branch.

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of ancient Greek origin meaning "love of wisdom."